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High Def Backgrounds Biography
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A format war took place between the Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD optical disc standards for storing high definition video and audio.
These standards emerged between 2000 and 2003 and attracted both the mutual and exclusive support of major consumer electronics manufacturers, personal computer manufacturers, television and movie producers and distributors, and software developers.
Blu-ray and HD DVD players became commercially available starting in 2006. In early 2008, a tipping point was passed when several studios and distributors shifted to Blu-ray disc. On February 19, 2008, Toshiba officially announced that it would stop the development of the HD DVD players, conceding the format war to the Blu-ray Disc format.[1]
The Blu-ray/HD DVD conflict resembled the earlier videotape format war between VHS and BetaMax, partly because of Sony's strong involvement in both episodes. These format wars have often proved destructive to both camps because consumers, afraid of committing to a losing standard, will refrain from purchasing either.[2] Format wars have been avoided in notable cases such as the DVD Forum for the unified DVD standard, the Grand Alliance for the HDTV standard, and the Wi-Fi Alliance for wireless networking standards.
The emergence of high definition players followed the entry of HDTV televisions into the mainstream market in the mid-2000s. Consumer-grade high definition players required an inexpensive storage medium capable of holding the larger amount of data needed for HD video.[3] The breakthrough came with Shuji Nakamura's invention of the blue laser diode, whose shorter wavelength opened the door to higher density optical media following a six year patent dispute.[4]
Sony started two projects applying the new diodes: Ultra Density Optical and, with Pioneer, DVR Blue.[5] The first DVR Blue prototypes were unveiled at the CEATEC exhibition in October 2000. In February 2002, the project was officially announced as Blu-ray,[6] and the Blu-ray Disc Association was founded by a consortium of nine electronics companies.
The DVD Forum, chaired by Toshiba, was deeply split over whether to go with the more expensive blue lasers, whose discs initially required a protective caddy to avoid mis-handling, making the medium more expensive and physically different from DVDs.[7] In March 2002, the forum voted to approve a proposal endorsed by Warner Bros. and other motion picture studios that involved compressing HD content onto dual-layer DVD-9 discs.[8][9] In spite of this decision, the DVD Forum's Steering Committee announced in April 2002 that it was pursuing its own blue-laser high-definition solution. In August, Toshiba and NEC announced their competing standard Advanced Optical Disc,[10] which was finally adopted by the DVD Forum and renamed "HD DVD" the following year[11] after being voted down twice by Blu-ray Disc Association members, prompting the U.S. Department of Justice to make preliminary investigations.[12][13] Three new members had to be invited and the voting rules changed before the initiative finally passed.[14][15]
The competing standards had significant differences that made each incompatible with the other.
[edit]
In an attempt to avoid a costly format war, the Blu-ray Disc Association and DVD Forum started to negotiate a compromise in early 2005. One of the issues was that Blu-ray's supporters wanted to use a Java-based platform for interactivity (BD-J), while the DVD Forum was promoting Microsoft's "iHD" (which became HDi).[16] A much larger issue, though, was the physical formats of the discs themselves; the Blu-ray Disc Association's member companies did not want to risk losing billions of dollars in royalties as they had done with standard DVD.[17] An agreement seemed close, but negotiations proceeded slowly.[18]
At the end of June 2005, Sun Microsystems, the developer of Java, announced that the Blu-ray Association had chosen the Java-based BD-J interactivity layer instead of Microsoft's HDi. This was based on a BDA board vote favouring BD-J 10 to 4, despite a technical committee previously favoring HDi by a vote of 7 to 5.[19] At the same time, Microsoft and Toshiba jointly announced that they would cooperate in developing high-definition DVD players.[20] In a top-level meeting in July, Microsoft's Bill Gates argued that the Blu-ray standard had to change to "work more smoothly with personal computers". The Blu-ray Disc's representatives defended the technology.[21]
On August 22, 2005, the Blu-ray Disc Association and DVD Forum announced that the negotiations to unify their standards had failed.[22] Rumors surfaced that talks had stalled; publicly, the same reasons of physical format incompatibility were cited.[17][21] In the end of September, Microsoft and Intel jointly announced their support for HD DVD.[23]
Hewlett Packard (HP) proposed an ultimatum for the Blu-ray Disc Association: adopt Microsoft's proprietary HDi (instead of the Java based system) and a mandatory managed copy feature, or HP would support HD DVD instead.[24] In a research report, Gartner analysts Van Baker, Laura Behrens and Mike McGuire wrote that if HP's proposal were accepted, Blu-ray would become the winner of the format war.[25] Though the Blu-ray Disc group did add mandatory managed copy to Blu-ray, they did not add HDi.[26]
HD DVD players and movies were released in the United States on April 18, 2006.[27] The first Blu-ray Disc titles were released on June 20, 2006 and the first movies using dual layer Blu-ray discs (50 GB) were introduced in October 2006.[28]
The Blu-ray Disc Foundation was formed by Hitachi, LG, Panasonic, Pioneer, Philips, Samsung, Sharp, Sony, and Thomson on May 20, 2002.[29] Other early supporters included Dell, HP, Mitsubishi and TDK.[30] The Blu-ray Disc Association was inaugurated on October 4, 2004 by 14 companies of Board of Directors which added 20th Century Fox to the 13 above-mentioned companies, Contributors of 22 companies, General members of 37 companies, and a total of 73 companies.
Acer, Alpine, Asus, HP, Hitachi Maxell, Kenwood, Lanix, LG, Lite-On, Meridian, Onkyo and Samsung,[31] provided non-exclusive support.
Toshiba, NEC, Sanyo, Memory-Tech Corporation started HD DVD Promotion Group[32] on September 27, 2004. It also included Microsoft, RCA, Intel, Venturer Electronics. In Europe, HD DVD was supported either exclusively or non-exclusively by Medusa Home Entertainment, Studio Canal, Universum Films, Kinowelt Home Entertainment, DVD International, Opus Arte, MK2, Momentum Pictures, Twister Home Video, among others.[citation needed]
During the height of the format war, some studios supported both formats, including Paramount Pictures (including subsidiaries Nickelodeon Movies, MTV Films, DreamWorks Pictures and DreamWorks Animation), BBC,[33] First Look Studios,[34] Image Entertainment (including the Discovery Channel),[35] Magnolia Pictures,[36] Brentwood Home Video, Ryko and Koch/Goldhil Entertainment.[37]
Studio alliances shifted over time. Before October 2005 and the release of either format, each had the exclusive support of three of the Big Six. HD DVD had Universal Studios, Paramount Pictures, and Warner Brothers Pictures, while Blu-ray Disc started out with Columbia Pictures, Walt Disney Pictures, and 20th Century Fox. Disney and Fox were both impressed by the extra DRM (BD+ and region coding) that the Blu-ray Disc format provided on paper (actually, BD+ and region coding were both cracked in their first year[citation needed]). Then HD DVD supporters Warner Bros. and Paramount added support for Blu-ray.[41] But in August 2007, after supporting Blu-ray for over a year, Paramount announced it would release all high-definition content (except titles directed by Steven Spielberg) exclusively on HD DVD. At the same time, DreamWorks Animation SKG, which had not released any high-definition discs, announced it would release exclusively on HD DVD. Explaining their decisions, the companies cited perceived advantages to HD DVD's technology and lower manufacturing costs. The companies together received about $150 million in cash and promotional guarantees, including a Toshiba HD DVD marketing campaign with a tie-in to Shrek the Third.[42][43]
By August 2007, HD DVD appeared to have a promising future, was seeing its highest sales (though still substantially lower than Blu-ray), had support from major big-box retailers such as Wal-Mart due to low prices, and had the exclusive support of studios such as Paramount Pictures, DreamWorks SKG/Animation, Universal Studios and several Indie film studios. The format also had non-exclusive though favorable support (through occasional HD DVD exclusive titles) from Warner Bros., the largest home video releaser.
The tipping point came on January 4, 2008 when Warner Bros., which has the largest market share of DVDs, announced plans to drop HD DVD support completely as of the beginning of June 2008. At the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, some HD DVD-related events and private meetings with analysts and retailers were canceled, including an event scheduled for the eve of the show sponsored by the North American HD DVD Promotional Group. Toshiba management expressed disappointment over Warner's decision but said that Toshiba would continue promoting the competing format.[44][45] The following Monday, Toshiba reduced the price of its HD DVD players by 40 to 50 percent, calling price a "deal breaker for the mainstream consumer".[46] At the time, analyst Roger Kay of Endpoint Technologies Associates likened the price cut to the high-stakes Blackjack bet of "doubling down" in an effort to increase market share and "win back the studios".[47] Richard Greenfield of Pali Capital called the move a gimmick and predicted that HD DVD would not become widely adopted.[48] Gartner analyst Hiroyuki Shimizu predicted that while the price cut might extend HD DVD's life somewhat, the limited title library would ultimately "inflict fatal damage on the format", leaving Blu-ray the victor by the end of 2008.[49]
Warner Bros.' sister studio New Line Cinema followed suit, canceling tentative plans to release titles on HD DVD.[50][51] Other small studios and producers moving exclusively to Blu-ray included National Geographic Society, Constantin Film, and Digital Playground.[52][53][54][55]
Warner's move also caused a chain reaction among DVD distributors, most prominently in the form of Wal-Mart's February 15, 2008 decision to phase HD DVD out completely by June 2008.[56] Wal-Mart is the largest DVD retailer in the United States, and its decision prompted the New York Times to run a mock obituary for the HD DVD format. The newspaper quoted technology analyst Rob Enderle's contention that if Wal-Mart "says HD DVD is done, you can take that as a fact."[57] Four days earlier, Best Buy began recommending Blu-ray Disc as the customer's digital format choice,[58] and Netflix, the largest online video rental service, began phasing out its HD DVD inventory after stocking both formats since early 2006.[59][60]
These shifts were preceded by Blockbuster, the largest U.S. movie rental company, which in June 2007 had moved to Blu-ray exclusively in 1450 stores after test-marketing both formats at 250 stores and finding that more than 70% of high definition rentals were Blu-ray discs.[61][62] In July 2007, Target Corporation, began carrying only Blu-ray standalone players in its stores, promoting them with end cap displays featuring Blu-ray Disc movies from Sony and Disney.[63] In January 2008, UK retailer Woolworths Group plc said it would stock only Blu-ray discs in its 820 stores beginning in March 2008.[64]
High Def Backgrounds Biography
We Provides Wide Range New Full HD Wallpapers. We have select a list of the best 33 HD Wallpapers. Download HD Wallpapers in wide range of High resolutions i.e 2560×1600, 1920×1080, 1080p, 1920×1400, 1920×1200,1600×1200, 1280×1024,1280×800,1440×900, 720p. Ready to Download full and free high definition wallpapers for your desktop pc and Laptop. Check and download our high resolution wallpapers Backgrounds For Desktop now at HDWallpapersArena.Com. We Upload Daily a Great Collection Of Wallpapers For Our Visitors. Our Mission is One Stop Shop. We Provide full and free high definition wallpapers of wide screen looking very attractive. Beautiful nature images look very nice and cute to set your pc desktop. Mostly people look high definition wallpapers for their pc desktop screen and mobiles attractive to others. Here you will find best wide range of high definition wallpapers. I really appreciate all of those talented designers who created these beautiful HD Wallpapers for our PC Desktop, Laptop and Other Mobile Device this is really fabulous. This list of high definition wallpapers is not so long but i ma sure when you start browsing them it will surely refresh you and force you to download any or all of your desktop. We Hope these wallpapers give a new look to your computer.
A format war took place between the Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD optical disc standards for storing high definition video and audio.
These standards emerged between 2000 and 2003 and attracted both the mutual and exclusive support of major consumer electronics manufacturers, personal computer manufacturers, television and movie producers and distributors, and software developers.
Blu-ray and HD DVD players became commercially available starting in 2006. In early 2008, a tipping point was passed when several studios and distributors shifted to Blu-ray disc. On February 19, 2008, Toshiba officially announced that it would stop the development of the HD DVD players, conceding the format war to the Blu-ray Disc format.[1]
The Blu-ray/HD DVD conflict resembled the earlier videotape format war between VHS and BetaMax, partly because of Sony's strong involvement in both episodes. These format wars have often proved destructive to both camps because consumers, afraid of committing to a losing standard, will refrain from purchasing either.[2] Format wars have been avoided in notable cases such as the DVD Forum for the unified DVD standard, the Grand Alliance for the HDTV standard, and the Wi-Fi Alliance for wireless networking standards.
The emergence of high definition players followed the entry of HDTV televisions into the mainstream market in the mid-2000s. Consumer-grade high definition players required an inexpensive storage medium capable of holding the larger amount of data needed for HD video.[3] The breakthrough came with Shuji Nakamura's invention of the blue laser diode, whose shorter wavelength opened the door to higher density optical media following a six year patent dispute.[4]
Sony started two projects applying the new diodes: Ultra Density Optical and, with Pioneer, DVR Blue.[5] The first DVR Blue prototypes were unveiled at the CEATEC exhibition in October 2000. In February 2002, the project was officially announced as Blu-ray,[6] and the Blu-ray Disc Association was founded by a consortium of nine electronics companies.
The DVD Forum, chaired by Toshiba, was deeply split over whether to go with the more expensive blue lasers, whose discs initially required a protective caddy to avoid mis-handling, making the medium more expensive and physically different from DVDs.[7] In March 2002, the forum voted to approve a proposal endorsed by Warner Bros. and other motion picture studios that involved compressing HD content onto dual-layer DVD-9 discs.[8][9] In spite of this decision, the DVD Forum's Steering Committee announced in April 2002 that it was pursuing its own blue-laser high-definition solution. In August, Toshiba and NEC announced their competing standard Advanced Optical Disc,[10] which was finally adopted by the DVD Forum and renamed "HD DVD" the following year[11] after being voted down twice by Blu-ray Disc Association members, prompting the U.S. Department of Justice to make preliminary investigations.[12][13] Three new members had to be invited and the voting rules changed before the initiative finally passed.[14][15]
The competing standards had significant differences that made each incompatible with the other.
[edit]
In an attempt to avoid a costly format war, the Blu-ray Disc Association and DVD Forum started to negotiate a compromise in early 2005. One of the issues was that Blu-ray's supporters wanted to use a Java-based platform for interactivity (BD-J), while the DVD Forum was promoting Microsoft's "iHD" (which became HDi).[16] A much larger issue, though, was the physical formats of the discs themselves; the Blu-ray Disc Association's member companies did not want to risk losing billions of dollars in royalties as they had done with standard DVD.[17] An agreement seemed close, but negotiations proceeded slowly.[18]
At the end of June 2005, Sun Microsystems, the developer of Java, announced that the Blu-ray Association had chosen the Java-based BD-J interactivity layer instead of Microsoft's HDi. This was based on a BDA board vote favouring BD-J 10 to 4, despite a technical committee previously favoring HDi by a vote of 7 to 5.[19] At the same time, Microsoft and Toshiba jointly announced that they would cooperate in developing high-definition DVD players.[20] In a top-level meeting in July, Microsoft's Bill Gates argued that the Blu-ray standard had to change to "work more smoothly with personal computers". The Blu-ray Disc's representatives defended the technology.[21]
On August 22, 2005, the Blu-ray Disc Association and DVD Forum announced that the negotiations to unify their standards had failed.[22] Rumors surfaced that talks had stalled; publicly, the same reasons of physical format incompatibility were cited.[17][21] In the end of September, Microsoft and Intel jointly announced their support for HD DVD.[23]
Hewlett Packard (HP) proposed an ultimatum for the Blu-ray Disc Association: adopt Microsoft's proprietary HDi (instead of the Java based system) and a mandatory managed copy feature, or HP would support HD DVD instead.[24] In a research report, Gartner analysts Van Baker, Laura Behrens and Mike McGuire wrote that if HP's proposal were accepted, Blu-ray would become the winner of the format war.[25] Though the Blu-ray Disc group did add mandatory managed copy to Blu-ray, they did not add HDi.[26]
HD DVD players and movies were released in the United States on April 18, 2006.[27] The first Blu-ray Disc titles were released on June 20, 2006 and the first movies using dual layer Blu-ray discs (50 GB) were introduced in October 2006.[28]
The Blu-ray Disc Foundation was formed by Hitachi, LG, Panasonic, Pioneer, Philips, Samsung, Sharp, Sony, and Thomson on May 20, 2002.[29] Other early supporters included Dell, HP, Mitsubishi and TDK.[30] The Blu-ray Disc Association was inaugurated on October 4, 2004 by 14 companies of Board of Directors which added 20th Century Fox to the 13 above-mentioned companies, Contributors of 22 companies, General members of 37 companies, and a total of 73 companies.
Acer, Alpine, Asus, HP, Hitachi Maxell, Kenwood, Lanix, LG, Lite-On, Meridian, Onkyo and Samsung,[31] provided non-exclusive support.
Toshiba, NEC, Sanyo, Memory-Tech Corporation started HD DVD Promotion Group[32] on September 27, 2004. It also included Microsoft, RCA, Intel, Venturer Electronics. In Europe, HD DVD was supported either exclusively or non-exclusively by Medusa Home Entertainment, Studio Canal, Universum Films, Kinowelt Home Entertainment, DVD International, Opus Arte, MK2, Momentum Pictures, Twister Home Video, among others.[citation needed]
During the height of the format war, some studios supported both formats, including Paramount Pictures (including subsidiaries Nickelodeon Movies, MTV Films, DreamWorks Pictures and DreamWorks Animation), BBC,[33] First Look Studios,[34] Image Entertainment (including the Discovery Channel),[35] Magnolia Pictures,[36] Brentwood Home Video, Ryko and Koch/Goldhil Entertainment.[37]
Studio alliances shifted over time. Before October 2005 and the release of either format, each had the exclusive support of three of the Big Six. HD DVD had Universal Studios, Paramount Pictures, and Warner Brothers Pictures, while Blu-ray Disc started out with Columbia Pictures, Walt Disney Pictures, and 20th Century Fox. Disney and Fox were both impressed by the extra DRM (BD+ and region coding) that the Blu-ray Disc format provided on paper (actually, BD+ and region coding were both cracked in their first year[citation needed]). Then HD DVD supporters Warner Bros. and Paramount added support for Blu-ray.[41] But in August 2007, after supporting Blu-ray for over a year, Paramount announced it would release all high-definition content (except titles directed by Steven Spielberg) exclusively on HD DVD. At the same time, DreamWorks Animation SKG, which had not released any high-definition discs, announced it would release exclusively on HD DVD. Explaining their decisions, the companies cited perceived advantages to HD DVD's technology and lower manufacturing costs. The companies together received about $150 million in cash and promotional guarantees, including a Toshiba HD DVD marketing campaign with a tie-in to Shrek the Third.[42][43]
By August 2007, HD DVD appeared to have a promising future, was seeing its highest sales (though still substantially lower than Blu-ray), had support from major big-box retailers such as Wal-Mart due to low prices, and had the exclusive support of studios such as Paramount Pictures, DreamWorks SKG/Animation, Universal Studios and several Indie film studios. The format also had non-exclusive though favorable support (through occasional HD DVD exclusive titles) from Warner Bros., the largest home video releaser.
The tipping point came on January 4, 2008 when Warner Bros., which has the largest market share of DVDs, announced plans to drop HD DVD support completely as of the beginning of June 2008. At the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, some HD DVD-related events and private meetings with analysts and retailers were canceled, including an event scheduled for the eve of the show sponsored by the North American HD DVD Promotional Group. Toshiba management expressed disappointment over Warner's decision but said that Toshiba would continue promoting the competing format.[44][45] The following Monday, Toshiba reduced the price of its HD DVD players by 40 to 50 percent, calling price a "deal breaker for the mainstream consumer".[46] At the time, analyst Roger Kay of Endpoint Technologies Associates likened the price cut to the high-stakes Blackjack bet of "doubling down" in an effort to increase market share and "win back the studios".[47] Richard Greenfield of Pali Capital called the move a gimmick and predicted that HD DVD would not become widely adopted.[48] Gartner analyst Hiroyuki Shimizu predicted that while the price cut might extend HD DVD's life somewhat, the limited title library would ultimately "inflict fatal damage on the format", leaving Blu-ray the victor by the end of 2008.[49]
Warner Bros.' sister studio New Line Cinema followed suit, canceling tentative plans to release titles on HD DVD.[50][51] Other small studios and producers moving exclusively to Blu-ray included National Geographic Society, Constantin Film, and Digital Playground.[52][53][54][55]
Warner's move also caused a chain reaction among DVD distributors, most prominently in the form of Wal-Mart's February 15, 2008 decision to phase HD DVD out completely by June 2008.[56] Wal-Mart is the largest DVD retailer in the United States, and its decision prompted the New York Times to run a mock obituary for the HD DVD format. The newspaper quoted technology analyst Rob Enderle's contention that if Wal-Mart "says HD DVD is done, you can take that as a fact."[57] Four days earlier, Best Buy began recommending Blu-ray Disc as the customer's digital format choice,[58] and Netflix, the largest online video rental service, began phasing out its HD DVD inventory after stocking both formats since early 2006.[59][60]
These shifts were preceded by Blockbuster, the largest U.S. movie rental company, which in June 2007 had moved to Blu-ray exclusively in 1450 stores after test-marketing both formats at 250 stores and finding that more than 70% of high definition rentals were Blu-ray discs.[61][62] In July 2007, Target Corporation, began carrying only Blu-ray standalone players in its stores, promoting them with end cap displays featuring Blu-ray Disc movies from Sony and Disney.[63] In January 2008, UK retailer Woolworths Group plc said it would stock only Blu-ray discs in its 820 stores beginning in March 2008.[64]
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