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Hd Free Wallpapers Biography
The main historical techniques are: hand-painting, woodblock printing (overall the most common), stencilling, and various types of machine-printing. The first three all date back to before 1700.[2]
Wallpaper, using the printmaking technique of woodcut, gained popularity in Renaissance Europe amongst the emerging gentry. The social elite continued to hang large tapestries on the walls of their homes, as they had in the Middle Ages. These tapestries added color to the room as well as providing an insulating layer between the stone walls and the room, thus retaining heat in the room. However, tapestries were extremely expensive and so only the very rich could afford them. Less well-off members of the elite, unable to buy tapestries due either to prices or wars preventing international trade, turned to wallpaper to brighten up their rooms.
Early wallpaper featured scenes similar to those depicted on tapestries, and large sheets of the paper were sometimes hung loose on the walls, in the style of tapestries, and sometimes pasted as today. Prints were very often pasted to walls, instead of being framed and hung, and the largest sizes of prints, which came in several sheets, were probably mainly intended to be pasted to walls. Some important artists made such pieces - notably Albrecht Dürer, who worked on both large picture prints and also ornament prints - intended for wall-hanging. The largest picture print was The Triumphal Arch commissioned by the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and completed in 1515. This measured a colossal 3.57 by 2.95 metres, made up of 192 sheets, and was printed in a first edition of 700 copies, intended to be hung in palaces and, in particular, town halls, after hand-coloring.
Very few samples of the earliest repeating pattern wallpapers survive, but there are a large number of old master prints, often in engraving of repeating or repeatable decorative patterns. These are called ornament prints and were intended as models for wallpaper makers, among other uses.
England and France were leaders in European wallpaper manufacturing. Among the earliest known samples is one found on a wall from England and is printed on the back of a London proclamation of 1509. It became very popular in England following Henry VIII's excommunication from the Catholic Church - English aristocrats had always imported tapestries from Flanders and Arras, but Henry VIII's split with the Catholic Church had resulted in a fall in trade with Europe. Without any tapestry manufacturers in England, English gentry and aristocracy alike turned to wallpaper.
During the Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell, the manufacture of wallpaper, seen as a frivolous item by the Puritan government, was halted. Following the Restoration of Charles II, wealthy people across England began demanding wallpaper again - Cromwell's regime had imposed a boring culture on people, and following his death, wealthy people began purchasing comfortable domestic items which had been banned under the Puritan state.
The wallpaper industry responded by manufacturing "prepasted" wallpapers that were to be simple to install and remove. The prepasted paper usually consisted of paper with a thin layer of dried glue applied to the back. The consumer was to simply place the paper underwater causing the glue to activate then adhere to the wall. The problem is no one thought about human nature. Society had been trained for years to paste wallpaper to the wall so most people added paste to the back of the prepasted paper. Human nature compounded the problem with the theory that "A little bit of glue is good therefore a whole lot of glue is real good".
Another type of vinyl product was developed in the late 1970's. It is commonly known as commercial vinyl. Designed to be used extensively for commercial buildings to save the cost of paint and paint maintenance in high traffic areas such as corridors, high-rise buildings, commercial buildings, etc. Typical commercial vinyl is very thick (compared to paper), has no backing and was applied directly to the wall. This works great for plaster construction but no one realized what a boom to construction that gypsum wallboard would be. Gypsum wallboard or "drywall" is the common wall material today. Enter human nature; since commercial vinyl was developed for areas of high traffic and abuse by people, adhesive manufacturers made adhesive that will really stick.
Wallpaper manufacturers became strict about what adhesive must be used on what primer on what wall finish. Don't believe me? Read the label on a roll of wallpaper. Why did the manufacturers become so strict? The manufacturers are protecting their liability. In today's day and age consumers are demanding better life of product, better service, and better quality. Consumers will complain about wallpaper failures more frequently than in the past.
Not far behind the wallpaper manufacturers came the adhesive manufacturers. They see the opportunity to sell gallons of adhesive and do so successfully. Wallpaper adhesive manufacturers also make their own adhesive removers. It is important to note that their remover was formulated to remove their adhesive. Enter human nature again. Typical wallpaper installation is done by a homeowner or professional paperhanger. Homeowners ("Weekend Warriors") simply do not follow instructions. They try any combination of pastes or home "recipes" to install wallpaper. Most paperhangers custom mix their pastes (though they are shy to admit it) to create a "recipe" that works for them. They do not use pastes 100% pure as received from the manufacturer and to the manufacturers specifications. We know this to be true because we constantly test actual field conditions.
This is when we came into the picture. We have found that 90% of wallpaper is installed with a combination of adhesives or additives. Our adhesive remover has proven to work on the actual conditions commonly found. We have removed over 50,000 rolls of wallpaper in every type of situation. We have removed all types of wallpapers known. We have removed wallpaper from all types of wall conditions. By being a small company we have the distinct advantage of reacting to the marketplace immediately. We specialize in wallpaper removal only. We look at every roll of wallpaper removed as a learning experience . . .we have to.
In the past few months there has been a significant amount of discussion within the romance reading and writing community about historical romances, and much of the heat in these discussions was generated by the use of the term ‘wallpaper historicals’ .
As a reader, my preference is for historicals which appear to me to be relatively accurate in their depiction of the past. I say ‘relatively accurate’ because I don’t think it is possible for any work to be entirely accurate. There is so much we don’t know about the past, and reproducing the language and speech patterns of historical characters might well render a book extremely difficult for the modern reader to understand. Despite my personal preferences, however, I think it is important to acknowledge that the level of historical accuracy in a romance cannot be used as an indicator of either literary merit or entertainment value.
Determining which historical romances are ‘wallpaper’ and which are more accurate may require a considerable degree of historical knowledge on the part of the reader. Once a relatively accurate historical romance has been identified, however, its use of history sets the characters and the issues raised by the romance in a historical context. This enables the reader to take the long view on questions such as the role of women in society etc, and thus see how much, or how little, has changed in the intervening years since the era in which the book is set. Nonetheless, each historical romance is a product of its own time: while attempting to remain true to the period depicted, it is likely to deal with issues such as sexuality and male/female relationships from a perspective which is shaped by 21st century attitudes. Issues may then be perceived to be universal in nature, but expressed differently at different times and in different cultures. This sort of historical romance also offers a historical commentary on the period in which it is set. In that respect it is the literary equivalent of the more accurate historical reenactment societies, which seek to explore what life was really like in the past. Finally, the more accurate type of historical romance invites the reader to read it both in the context of the literature in the period in which it is set, and in the context of contemporary works, since it engages with both the past and the present.
Hd Free Wallpapers Biography
The main historical techniques are: hand-painting, woodblock printing (overall the most common), stencilling, and various types of machine-printing. The first three all date back to before 1700.[2]
Wallpaper, using the printmaking technique of woodcut, gained popularity in Renaissance Europe amongst the emerging gentry. The social elite continued to hang large tapestries on the walls of their homes, as they had in the Middle Ages. These tapestries added color to the room as well as providing an insulating layer between the stone walls and the room, thus retaining heat in the room. However, tapestries were extremely expensive and so only the very rich could afford them. Less well-off members of the elite, unable to buy tapestries due either to prices or wars preventing international trade, turned to wallpaper to brighten up their rooms.
Early wallpaper featured scenes similar to those depicted on tapestries, and large sheets of the paper were sometimes hung loose on the walls, in the style of tapestries, and sometimes pasted as today. Prints were very often pasted to walls, instead of being framed and hung, and the largest sizes of prints, which came in several sheets, were probably mainly intended to be pasted to walls. Some important artists made such pieces - notably Albrecht Dürer, who worked on both large picture prints and also ornament prints - intended for wall-hanging. The largest picture print was The Triumphal Arch commissioned by the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and completed in 1515. This measured a colossal 3.57 by 2.95 metres, made up of 192 sheets, and was printed in a first edition of 700 copies, intended to be hung in palaces and, in particular, town halls, after hand-coloring.
Very few samples of the earliest repeating pattern wallpapers survive, but there are a large number of old master prints, often in engraving of repeating or repeatable decorative patterns. These are called ornament prints and were intended as models for wallpaper makers, among other uses.
England and France were leaders in European wallpaper manufacturing. Among the earliest known samples is one found on a wall from England and is printed on the back of a London proclamation of 1509. It became very popular in England following Henry VIII's excommunication from the Catholic Church - English aristocrats had always imported tapestries from Flanders and Arras, but Henry VIII's split with the Catholic Church had resulted in a fall in trade with Europe. Without any tapestry manufacturers in England, English gentry and aristocracy alike turned to wallpaper.
During the Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell, the manufacture of wallpaper, seen as a frivolous item by the Puritan government, was halted. Following the Restoration of Charles II, wealthy people across England began demanding wallpaper again - Cromwell's regime had imposed a boring culture on people, and following his death, wealthy people began purchasing comfortable domestic items which had been banned under the Puritan state.
The wallpaper industry responded by manufacturing "prepasted" wallpapers that were to be simple to install and remove. The prepasted paper usually consisted of paper with a thin layer of dried glue applied to the back. The consumer was to simply place the paper underwater causing the glue to activate then adhere to the wall. The problem is no one thought about human nature. Society had been trained for years to paste wallpaper to the wall so most people added paste to the back of the prepasted paper. Human nature compounded the problem with the theory that "A little bit of glue is good therefore a whole lot of glue is real good".
Another type of vinyl product was developed in the late 1970's. It is commonly known as commercial vinyl. Designed to be used extensively for commercial buildings to save the cost of paint and paint maintenance in high traffic areas such as corridors, high-rise buildings, commercial buildings, etc. Typical commercial vinyl is very thick (compared to paper), has no backing and was applied directly to the wall. This works great for plaster construction but no one realized what a boom to construction that gypsum wallboard would be. Gypsum wallboard or "drywall" is the common wall material today. Enter human nature; since commercial vinyl was developed for areas of high traffic and abuse by people, adhesive manufacturers made adhesive that will really stick.
Wallpaper manufacturers became strict about what adhesive must be used on what primer on what wall finish. Don't believe me? Read the label on a roll of wallpaper. Why did the manufacturers become so strict? The manufacturers are protecting their liability. In today's day and age consumers are demanding better life of product, better service, and better quality. Consumers will complain about wallpaper failures more frequently than in the past.
Not far behind the wallpaper manufacturers came the adhesive manufacturers. They see the opportunity to sell gallons of adhesive and do so successfully. Wallpaper adhesive manufacturers also make their own adhesive removers. It is important to note that their remover was formulated to remove their adhesive. Enter human nature again. Typical wallpaper installation is done by a homeowner or professional paperhanger. Homeowners ("Weekend Warriors") simply do not follow instructions. They try any combination of pastes or home "recipes" to install wallpaper. Most paperhangers custom mix their pastes (though they are shy to admit it) to create a "recipe" that works for them. They do not use pastes 100% pure as received from the manufacturer and to the manufacturers specifications. We know this to be true because we constantly test actual field conditions.
This is when we came into the picture. We have found that 90% of wallpaper is installed with a combination of adhesives or additives. Our adhesive remover has proven to work on the actual conditions commonly found. We have removed over 50,000 rolls of wallpaper in every type of situation. We have removed all types of wallpapers known. We have removed wallpaper from all types of wall conditions. By being a small company we have the distinct advantage of reacting to the marketplace immediately. We specialize in wallpaper removal only. We look at every roll of wallpaper removed as a learning experience . . .we have to.
In the past few months there has been a significant amount of discussion within the romance reading and writing community about historical romances, and much of the heat in these discussions was generated by the use of the term ‘wallpaper historicals’ .
As a reader, my preference is for historicals which appear to me to be relatively accurate in their depiction of the past. I say ‘relatively accurate’ because I don’t think it is possible for any work to be entirely accurate. There is so much we don’t know about the past, and reproducing the language and speech patterns of historical characters might well render a book extremely difficult for the modern reader to understand. Despite my personal preferences, however, I think it is important to acknowledge that the level of historical accuracy in a romance cannot be used as an indicator of either literary merit or entertainment value.
Determining which historical romances are ‘wallpaper’ and which are more accurate may require a considerable degree of historical knowledge on the part of the reader. Once a relatively accurate historical romance has been identified, however, its use of history sets the characters and the issues raised by the romance in a historical context. This enables the reader to take the long view on questions such as the role of women in society etc, and thus see how much, or how little, has changed in the intervening years since the era in which the book is set. Nonetheless, each historical romance is a product of its own time: while attempting to remain true to the period depicted, it is likely to deal with issues such as sexuality and male/female relationships from a perspective which is shaped by 21st century attitudes. Issues may then be perceived to be universal in nature, but expressed differently at different times and in different cultures. This sort of historical romance also offers a historical commentary on the period in which it is set. In that respect it is the literary equivalent of the more accurate historical reenactment societies, which seek to explore what life was really like in the past. Finally, the more accurate type of historical romance invites the reader to read it both in the context of the literature in the period in which it is set, and in the context of contemporary works, since it engages with both the past and the present.
Hd Free Wallpapers
Hd Free Wallpapers
Hd Free Wallpapers
Hd Free Wallpapers
Hd Free Wallpapers
Hd Free Wallpapers
Hd Free Wallpapers
Hd Free Wallpapers
Hd Free Wallpapers
Hd Free Wallpapers
Hd Free Wallpapers
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